Chapter 2 dissecting mechanisms of myelinated axon formation using zebrafish. Research often utilizes patients cells or tissue samples, but to determine if a mutation in a specific gene can cause a patients symptoms, we often need experimental animal models. With the increase in the laboratory use of zebrafish, several advantages, such as a high genetic homology to humans and transparent embryos, which allow clear disease. Overall, both kidney types in the zebrafish serve as simple and powerful models for understanding the mechanisms of kidney development, disease. Infectious disease models in zebrafish sciencedirect. Unfortunately, the mammalian heart is unable to replace cardiomyocytes, so the life expectancy. Currie abstract despite the preeminence of the mouse in modelling human disease, several aspects of murine biology limit its routine use in largescale genetic and therapeutic screening. Transparent zebrafish embryos with fluorescently labelled immune cells are ideal for live microscopic imaging of interactions with pathogens, at a detail that is unmatched in mammalian models. Many models have been used by researchers in labs to study the disease pathways, mechanisms, and symptoms on simple organisms. The use of zebrafish danio rerio as a model organism began in the 1960s.
Wash hands and arms thoroughly if they come into contact with tank water. The most significant risk factors associated with the development of heart diseases include genetic and environmental factors such as hypertension, high blood cholesterol levels, diabetes, smoking, and obesity. There are several methods for obtaining genomic dna from tail clips provided in the zebrafish book. Pdf a classification system for zebrafish adipose tissues. Why did zebrafish become an important biomedical model. Zebrafish and other small fish have become powerful disease models. The two most common diseases that affect zebrafish are velvet disease and fish tuberculosis mycobacteriosis. For regional delivery times, please check when will i receive my book. Scientists use a variety of laboratory techniques to investigate the genetic cause of human diseases. In its larval stages it is transparent and as it matures to an adult it develops stripes. In addition, the zebrafish is increasingly used as a genetic model organism for. The diverse mechanisms involved in cardiac diseases remain at the center of the research interest to identify novel strategies for prevention and therapy.
About zebrafish health services the zebrafish diagnostic and health service is a collaboration between the zebrafish international resource center zirc and the oregon veterinary diagnostic laboratory ovdl. The embryonic zebrafish is one of these new models, and many research grants are funded by nih and niehs to utilize this model. In recent years, zebrafish, and to a lesser extent medaka, have become widely used small animal models for human diseases. Zebrafish fact sheets small tropical freshwater fish average length of adult zebrafish is 12. Basic research using the zebrafish to model disease treatment strategies. It is a small sized common and robust aquarium fish with a short life cycle 4 generationsyear and a transparent embryo which. The special issue will explore the diverse capabilities of the zebrafish model that can be applied to study a growing list of biological and preclinical research problems.
Zebrafish danio rerio is a fresh water fish that inhabits rivers in india, pakistan and other places in asia. These are nonhuman animal species which can be used to understand specific biological processes and to obtain informations which can provide an insight into working of other organisms. Studies of the embryology and genetics of zebrafish and the recent identification of over 4,000 genetic mutations have lead to this dramatic increase in the number of laboratories now about 250 using zebrafish to. To understand the disease mechanisms and to evaluate novel therapies, the generation of animal models is crucial. The zebrafish genome has been fully sequenced, which is a musthave for model organisms nowadays. While mice and rats have been common choices for modeling human diseases in the past, the use of zebrafish. Using the zebrafish to identify extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms regulating. Therefore, modeling lfs in a vertebrate system that is accessible to both largescale genetic screens and in vivo cell biological. F rapid development all major organs are formed in 24 h after fertilization. The zebrafish danio rerio is a freshwater fish belonging to the minnow family of the order cypriniformes. Use of zebrafish to study shigella infection disease. Fin studies were also the first to assess the regenerative usefulness of the zebrafish model. The first attempt to create a mouse model for dba was carried out by matsson et al.
The zebrafish as a model for human disease sciencedirect. First, zebrafish produce a large number of easily accessible and transparent embryos, facilitating phenotypic driven genetic screens. Our lab is interested in the mechanisms that regulate neutrophil migration and activation, more specifically their response to tissue injury and infection. The diverse mechanisms involved in cardiac diseases remain at the center of the research. Shigella is also recognised as an exceptional model pathogen to study key issues in cell biology and innate immunity. Animal models are crucial for understanding the pathogenesis of human disease and provide a system in which to develop and test new therapies. This chapter does not intend to cover all disease models but focuses on cancer, hematopoietic disorders, and cardiovascular disease, fields where the zebrafish has proven particularly useful. Now in full color with over 500 images, the book is designed as a comprehensive guide to the identification and treatment of both common and rare problems encountered during the clinical workup. As noted above, the first regenerative studies in fish date back to the 18th century, focused on the fin in goldfish. Reports in human and mammalian models elucidate ageassociated changes in cardiac function. Zebrafish share a high genetic similarity to humans, and approximately 70% of all human disease genes have functional homologs in zebrafish. Lifraumeni syndrome lfs is a highly penetrant, autosomal dominant, human familial cancer predisposition. What stimulates kidney progenitor cells to form new nephrons is not known.
Moreover, xenotransplantation of human cancer cells in embryos or adult zebrafish offers the advantage of studying the behavior of human cancer cells. Shigella is a leading cause of dysentery worldwide, responsible for up to 165 million cases of shigellosis each year. Several infection models have been useful to explore shigella biology. Zebrafish danio rerio as a model organism intechopen. Coronary artery disease accounts for the highest percentage of cvd deaths and stroke. Zfin annotates zebrafish models of human disease and supports retrieval of. Animals as model organisms, the silent sentinels, stand watch over the environmental health of the world.
On zebrafish disease models and matters of the heart. This feature provides a simplified system for exploring methylome dynamics in response to environmental challenges during the socalled epigenetic. Native to south asia, it is a popular aquarium fish, frequently sold under the trade name zebra danio and thus often called a tropical fish although both tropical and subtropical the zebrafish is an important and widely used vertebrate model organism in scientific research, for. Zebrafish are increasingly being used as a model system for understanding the genetic and neuronal basis of behavior. A fresh look at zebrafish from the perspective of cancer.
Laboratory of development and disease models in zebrafish. Zebrafishs growing impact on medical research sciencedaily. Zebrafish models based on alteration of disease associated orthologous genes dmd ta222ata222a zdbfish15090114025 generic control zeco. The overall aim of our research is to utilise the power of the zebrafish as a model vertebrate to understand normal development and to find potential cures of. Zebrafish as a model for cardiovascular development and.
Special issue zebrafish models for development and disease. Diagnosis and treatment, second edition provides thorough, yet concise descriptions of viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic and noninfectious diseases in an exhaustive number of fish species. Zebrafish kidneys use resident kidney stem cells to replace damaged tubules with new nephrons. This development is catalyzed by a unique combination of strengths, including the ability to isolate mutants, make transgenic animals with different cell types labeled by fluorescent markers, and record from neurons in the. Zebrafish possess several inherent characteristics that make them a particularly useful model organism for biomedical research, including large clutches of embryos per mating pair, optical clarity throughout early development, rapid. This volume focuses on defining the unique attributes of using the zebrafish cancer model for discovering important pathways and potential drug targets. It surveys approaches that are available to zebrafish researchers to generate models for human diseases. The authors present a novel in vivo genetic model of idiopathic epilepsy in zebrafish gabrg2. Zebrafishmycobacterium marinum model for mycobacterial.
These models present histopathological and molecular conservation with their human cancer counterparts and have been fundamental for understanding mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression. The study of zebrafish as a leading model organism for developmental biology is rapidly expanding. The zebrafish in biomedical research sciencedirect. A plethora of zebrafish and medaka disease models have been generated, making. Zebrafish are highly susceptible to velvet disease. Danio rerio, better known as zebrafish, is a small vertebrate tropical water fish that has become one of the favored animal model systems for studying developmental processes and human disorders figure figure1. Fish models such as rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss, medaka oryzias latipes, zebrafish danio rerio, and various other aquarium fish have been useful in mechanistic studies see alternative animal models, chapter 14. We report here the development of a pathogenesis model utilizing mycobacterium marinum infection of zebrafish danio rerio for the study of mycobacterial disease. Disease models and chemical screens, volume 8 4th edition. The zebrafish model offers several advantages in examining the genetic mechanisms behind cardiovascular development and function. Recently, zebrafish has sparked interest in other branches of the biomedical research. Zebrafish represent a vertebrate model organism that has been widely, and increasingly, employed over the last decade in the study of developmental processes, wound healing, microbehost interactions, and drug screening. Danio rerio, better known as zebrafish, is a small vertebrate tropical water fish that has become one of the favored animal model systems for studying developmental processes and human disorders figure 1.
On zebrafish disease models and matters of the heart mdpi. Resource articles reporting the development of a novel technique or. The neutrophil is a hallmark of inflammation and neutrophilic inflammation is the driving force behind a spectrum of human inflammatory diseases. In this strategy the disease is introduced to cell cultures in petri dishes.
Extensive studies of the genetics of the zebra fish have made this fish an attractive model for evaluation of chemicals. Dnajpkac fusion induces liver inflammation in a zebrafish model of. Zebrafish as a smart model to understand regeneration. Cardiovascular disease cvd is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Remove sick fish from tanks as quickly as possible. Environmental epigenetics in zebrafish epigenetics. The zebrafish is a tropical fish native to southeast asia. These organisms have convincingly demonstrated the usefulness of fish for improving our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to pathological conditions, and for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic tools. In addition, the zebrafish model has many advantages for studying the genetics of hostpathogen interactions. This fibrotic tissue preserves the integrity of the ventricular wall but undermines pump function, leading to congestive heart failure. Coronary artery disease cad is the leading form of cardiovascular disease cvd, which is the primary cause of mortality worldwide. Zebrafish, diseases model, disease mechanism, genetic diseases, muscle.
In the past two decades, zebrafish has become one of the preferred in vivo model organisms for studying diverse processes like embryogenesis 8, 9, autophagy, behaviour 11, 12 and sleep. Quarantine fish from pet stores before adding them to the colony see quarantine room procedures, page 1. A simple, rapid and inexpensive method that gives sufficient. This will include generation of more predictive humanized disease models, dissection of disease mechanisms and discovery of new disease treatment methods. Springer special book zebrafish, medaka, and other small fishes new model animals in biology, medicine. The causative agent of velvet disease in zebrafish is piscinoodinium sp. Zebrafish conference 2nd zebrafish for personalized. With increased understanding of the cellular mechanisms responsible for disease, we can use knowledge gained from the zebrafish model for the development of therapeutics. Myocardial infarction mi in humans is a common cause of cardiac injury and results in irreversible loss of myocardial cells and formation of fibrotic scar tissue.
Dna methylation machinery and mechanisms in zebrafish are generally conserved with those of mammals 53,54,55,56, with the significant exception that fish do not require imprinting of genes or sex chromosomes for viability 30, 57. This effort showed that their genome is remarkably similar to the human one, with at least 70% of human genes having a zebrafish equivalent a figure that is even higher when only diseasecausing genes are considered. The zebrafish model mimics certain aspects of human tuberculosis, such as the formation of granulomalike lesions and the ability to establish either an acute or a chronic infection based upon inoculum. Diseases of zebrafish in research facilities zirc public. Among the model organisms, the zebrafish danio rerio is one of the best leading models to study. The growing interest in zebrafish research was paralleled by an increase in tools and methods. Zebrafish models of cardiovascular disease springerlink. In this case, motor cells can be grown, and the gene expression is controlled. Although a key role for the tumor suppressor p53 has been implicated in lfs, the genetic and cellular mechanisms underpinning this disease remain unknown. Receive an update when the latest chapters in this book series are published. The zebrafish danio rerio has as a nonmammal lower vertebrate become an important player in deciphering the codes of life.
Danio rerio commonly known as the zebrafish is a tropical fish belonging to the minnow family cyprinidae, commonly kept in aquaria and used for scientific research. Here, we show that wnt9a and wnt9b are induced in the injured kidney at sites where frizzled9b and lef1 expressing progenitor cells form new nephrons. Using zebra fish and a combination of anatomical, physiological, molecular and genetic techniques, they hope to elucidate the mechanisms that regulate the establishment of specific neuronal cell fates during normal development as well as the mechanisms that can lead to disease. It is a complex disease with genetic and environmental risk factor contributions. The primary aim of dmm is to promote human health by inspiring collaboration between basic and clinical researchers in translational science.